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A good comprehensive illustrated guide to crystals is provided by the
Crystal Bible: A Definitive Guide to Crystals
by Judy Hall.
The following is a list of minerals and stones with their physical description.
Amazonite - light blue; opaque
Amber - yellow to brown, resinous; insects often inside, transparent
Amethyst - purple; form of quartz; transparent to opaque
Amethyst Chevron - purple w/ white banding
Apache Tears - brown; transparent Obsidian
Apatite - usually greenish yellow/yellow; translucent to gem quality
Aquamarine - light greenish/blue; form of Beryl
Aventurine - green quartz w/flecks of Mica or Hematite; translucent
Azurite - deep dark blue; opaque; secondary Copper mineral
B
Barite - usually white to blueish; heavy (dense) and opaque
Beryl - green (Emerald), blue, blue/green (Aquamarine), yellow (Golden Beryl), red, pink (Morganite), white or colorless; hard/gem quality
Bi-Colored Tourmaline - usually pink + green, others also; striated, translucent
Black Tourmaline - (SCHORL) striated, opaque
Bloodstone - green w/red spots; (Heliotrope) in Calcedony, Quartz family; opaque
Blue Lace Agate - powder blue w/darker blue or whitish banding; in Quartz family, opaque
Blue Quartz - blue; variety of Quartz; transparent crystals to opaque masses
BLUE TIGER'S EYE - blue w/irridescent banding; a Quartz variety
Blue Tourmaline - blue, usually greenish-blue - deep hue; (Indicolite), translucent, gem quality, striated
Botswana Agate - brown w/white & grey swirls; opaque Quartz variety
C
Calcite - colorless to milky (also gold & green); clear to translucent, soft, flakes easily, rhombohedral
Carnelian - orange, red & brownish red; translucent, gemmy Calcedony
Celestite - usually blue tint in colorless or white crystal; clear or pearly
Calcedony - many colors; (Carnelian, Onyx, Bloodstone, Agates, Chrysoprase, Jasper & Flint)
Chrysocolla - blue, often w/ green, grey, indigo, black; a copper ore, opaque to translucent to gemmy - (Gem Silica)
Chrysoprase - bright green; Calcedony, gemmy, translucent
Citrine - yellow/gold, orangish; a Quartz, often gemmy in points; translucent to clear
Clear Quartz - (refers to tumbled variety)
Colorless Tourmaline - (Achroite) rare, usually connected w/ other color-zoned tourmaline, striated
Coral - red, black, etc.; from living organisms in the sea; opaque
D
Diamond - clear, etc; hardest stone, brilliantly clear
Dioptase - emerald-green; glassy (vitreous), a Copper mineral, capped w/ rhombohedrons
E
Emerald - bright green; vitreous, gem quality, striated
F
Fire Agate - red w/ banding; Calcedony; varies in translucency
Fire Opal - red, orange or yellow w/ many irridescent colors; transparent to translucent
Flourite - violet, blue, green, yellow or gold, white & colorless; frequently banded, transparent to translucent
G
Galena - grey or silver metallic; Lead; heavy, cubic
Garnet - usually red, also violet, green, others; dodecahedrons or trapezohedrons; transparent to opaque
Gem Silica - bright blue; Chrysocolla; translucent & glassy
Gold Calcite - yellow/gold; transparent to cloudy; rhombohedral - flakes easily
Green Calcite - green; transparent to cloudy; rhombohedral - flakes easily
Green Tourmaline - emerald to deep, dark green; Elbaite; hexagonal; striated lengthwise, transparent to translucent to opaque
H
Hawk's Eye - gold/brownish w/ fiberous banding including blues & greens; irridescent; quartz variety
Hematite - steel grey, metallic; Iron Oxide; heavy; rusty brownish in natural state
Herkimer Diamond - extremely clear & brilliant Quartz; frequently double terminated, carbon inside
I
Indicolite - blue Tourmaline; hexagonal, striated lengthwise; transparent to translucent
J
Jade - usually green (all shades); variety of either Nephrite or Jadeite; transparent to opaque
Jasper - brown, green, Picture, poppy, red, yellow; mottled Calcedony; usually opaque; also banded
K
Kunzite - purple, pink to green; variety Spodumene; striated lengthwise, brittle; translucent to transparent
Kyanite - usually blue w/white; striated lengthwise, brittle; translucent to transparent
L
Labradorite - (Spectrolite) black w/ blue & green irridescence; Plagioglase Feldspar; transparent to translucent
Lapis Lazuli - (Lazurite) azure to violet-blue, often w/Pyrite flecks; translucent to opaque
Lepidolite - pink to purple; usually w/ pink tourmaline; translucent to opaque, rough surface except when polished; source of Lithium
M
Magnetite - (Loadstone) iron black; magnetic, usually octohedrons or masses; heavy & hard
Malachite - green w/ concentric banding; translucent to opaque; secondary Copper mineral
Malachite/Azurite - green & deep blue, swirled or mottled; translucent to opaque
Malachite/Hematite - green w/ grey or rust, swirled or mottled; translucent to opaque
Malachite/Chrysocolla - green w/ bright blue, swirled or mottled; translucent to opaque
Moldavite - olive green, very clear in gem quality; like chipped glass when raw; a Tektite
Moonstone - milky, irridescent white or grey, sometimes w/ blue, green pink or rainbowed; Plagioclase Feldspar
O
Obsidian - black, glassy; sharp edges when broken, or cut & polished; translucent to transparent
Onyx - brownish red to black; banded in raw form, often jet black as gem; translucent
Opal - black, white & fire opals are most common; internal color & light play; up to 10% water, transparent to translucent, flourescent
P
Pearl - white; pearlescent; from oysters
Peridot - yellowish green; glassy, rounded grains; transparent to translucent Olovine
Pink Tourmaline - (see Rubellite)
Pyrite (Fool's Gold) - brass-yellow, metallic; usually cubic, heavy
Q
Quartz - colorless, purple (Amethyst), pink (Rose), yellow (Citrine), brown to black (Smokey), green (Aventurine), blue, white (Snow or Milky), opalescent (Cat's Eye), irridescent banded (Tiger Eye, Hawk Eye and Blue Tigereye); glassy, transparent to sub-translucent, hexagonal crystals, prismatic
R
Red Tiger's Eye - red w/ irridescent banding; a Quartz variety
Rhodochrosite - pink, red, brownish; glassy, sub-transparent to translucent; soft, brittle
Rhodonite - pink or red w/ veins of white (Calcite) & black flecks (Franklinite); glassy, translucent
Rose Quartz - pink (see Quartz); transparent to translucent, glassy
Rubellite - pink or red Tourmaline; glassy, hexagonal, striated lengthwise, triangular cross-section
Ruby - deep, pinkish red Corundum; transparent to translucent, hard
Rutile - red, reddish-brown, coppery, silvery, goldish; long, thin, sub-metallic crystals, usually in Quartz
Rutilated Quartz - clear to smokey quartz w/ fiberous inclusions of Rutile
S
Sapphire - blue Corundum (also other colors); transparent & translucent, hard
Schorl - black Tourmaline; opaque, striated lengthwise
Selenite - (Gypsum) colorless, white, gray, yellow, red; glassy,transparent to translucent, thin, brittle, flexible, soft
Smokey Quartz - brown to black; glassy, transparent to translucent; hexagonal Quartz crystals
Snowflake Obsidian - black w/ white; glassy, translucent to opaque w/ "flake" design
Sodalite - deep, dark blue; translucent to opaque, glassy w/ white flecks or lines
Spectrolite - (see Labradorite)
Sugilite - (Luvulite) deep purple; opaque to translucent, glassy when polished
T
Tektites - term for fused, extra-terrestrially originated materials (Moldavite)
Tiger's Eye - gold & brown fiberous, irridescent banding; translucent, quartz variety
Topaz - colorless, white, yellow, gold, pink, bluish, greenish; glassy, transparent to translucent, hard, striated lengthwise
Tourmaline - black (Schorl), green (Elbaite), blue (Indicolite), pink & red (Rubellite), multi-colored, and colorless
(Achroite); glassy, striated lengthwise, hexagonal crystals, transparent ot translucent; often color-zoned in rings
Tourmaline Quartz - - clear or cloudy to milky w/ black crystal inclusions of Schorl
Tri-Colored Tourmaline - usually red, yellow & green, other combos; (see Tourmaline)
Turquoise - sky blue, bluish-green; waxy, subtranslucent to opaque
W
Watermelon Tourmaline - pink & green; glassy, pale colors most valuable (see Tourmaline) pink interior is ringed by green
